REST, GraphQL, gRPC

A good API design is always a crucial part of any system. But it is also important to pick the right API technology. So, in this tutorial, we will briefly discuss different API technologies such as REST, GraphQL, and gRPC.

What’s an API?

Before we even get into API technologies, let’s first understand what is an API.

API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is a set of definitions and protocols for building and integrating application software. It’s sometimes referred to as a contract between an information provider and an information user establishing the content required from the producer and the content required by the consumer.

In other words, if you want to interact with a computer or system to retrieve information or perform a function, an API helps you communicate what you want to that system so it can understand and complete the request.

REST

A REST API (also known as RESTful API) is an application programming interface that conforms to the constraints of REST architectural style and allows for interaction with RESTful web services. REST stands for Representational State Transfer and it was first introduced by Roy Fielding in the year 2000.

In REST API, the fundamental unit is a resource.

Concepts

Let’s discuss some concepts of a RESTful API.

Constraints

In order for an API to be considered RESTful, it has to conform to these architectural constraints:

HTTP Verbs

HTTP defines a set of request methods to indicate the desired action to be performed for a given resource. Although they can also be nouns, these request methods are sometimes referred to as HTTP verbs. Each of them implements a different semantic, but some common features are shared by a group of them.

Below are some commonly used HTTP verbs:

HTTP response codes

HTTP response status codes indicate whether a specific HTTP request has been successfully completed.

There are five classes defined by the standard:

For example, HTTP 200 means that the request was successful.

Advantages

Let’s discuss some advantages of REST API:

Disadvantages

Let’s discuss some disadvantages of REST API:

Use cases

REST APIs are pretty much used universally and are the default standard for designing APIs. Overall REST APIs are quite flexible and can fit almost all scenarios.

Example

Here’s an example usage of a REST API that operates on a users resource.

URI HTTP verb Description
/users GET Get all users
/users/{id} GET Get a user by id
/users POST Add a new user
/users/{id} PATCH Update a user by id
/users/{id} DELETE Delete a user by id

There is so much more to learn when it comes to REST APIs, I will highly recommend looking into Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State (HATEOAS).

GraphQL

GraphQL is a query language and server-side runtime for APIs that prioritizes giving clients exactly the data they request and no more. It was developed by Facebook and later open-sourced in 2015.

GraphQL is designed to make APIs fast, flexible, and developer-friendly. Additionally, GraphQL gives API maintainers the flexibility to add or deprecate fields without impacting existing queries. Developers can build APIs with whatever methods they prefer, and the GraphQL specification will ensure they function in predictable ways to clients.

In GraphQL, the fundamental unit is a query.

Concepts

Let’s briefly discuss some key concepts in GraphQL:

Schema

A GraphQL schema describes the functionality clients can utilize once they connect to the GraphQL server.

Queries

A query is a request made by the client. It can consist of fields and arguments for the query. The operation type of a query can also be a mutation which provides a way to modify server-side data.

Resolvers

Resolver is a collection of functions that generate responses for a GraphQL query. In simple terms, a resolver acts as a GraphQL query handler.

Advantages

Let’s discuss some advantages of GraphQL:

Disadvantages

Let’s discuss some disadvantages of GraphQL:

Use cases

GraphQL proves to be essential in the following scenarios:

Example

Here’s a GraphQL schema that defines a User type and a Query type.

type Query {
  getUser: User
}

type User {
  id: ID
  name: String
  city: String
  state: String
}

Using the above schema, the client can request the required fields easily without having to fetch the entire resource or guess what the API might return.

{
  getUser {
    id
    name
    city
  }
}

This will give the following response to the client.

{
  "getUser": {
    "id": 123,
    "name": "Karan",
    "city": "San Francisco"
  }
}

Learn more about GraphQL at graphql.org.

gRPC

gRPC is a modern open-source high-performance Remote Procedure Call (RPC) framework that can run in any environment. It can efficiently connect services in and across data centers with pluggable support for load balancing, tracing, health checking, authentication and much more.

Concepts

Let’s discuss some key concepts of gRPC.

Protocol buffers

Protocol buffers provide a language and platform-neutral extensible mechanism for serializing structured data in a forward and backward-compatible way. It’s like JSON, except it’s smaller and faster, and it generates native language bindings.

Service definition

Like many RPC systems, gRPC is based on the idea of defining a service and specifying the methods that can be called remotely with their parameters and return types. gRPC uses protocol buffers as the Interface Definition Language (IDL) for describing both the service interface and the structure of the payload messages.

Advantages

Let’s discuss some advantages of gRPC:

Disadvantages

Let’s discuss some disadvantages of gRPC:

Use cases

Below are some good use cases for gRPC:

Example

Here’s a basic example of a gRPC service defined in a *.proto file. Using this definition, we can easily code generate the HelloService service in the programming language of our choice.

service HelloService {
  rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloResponse);
}

message HelloRequest {
  string greeting = 1;
}

message HelloResponse {
  string reply = 1;
}

REST vs GraphQL vs gRPC

Now that we know how these API designing techniques work, let’s compare them based on the following parameters:

Type Coupling Chattiness Performance Complexity Caching Codegen Discoverability Versioning
REST Low High Good Medium Great Bad Good Easy
GraphQL Medium Low Good High Custom Good Good Custom
gRPC High Medium Great Low Custom Great Bad Hard

Which API technology is better?

Well, the answer is none of them. There is no silver bullet as each of these technologies has its own advantages and disadvantages. Users only care about using our APIs in a consistent way, so make sure to focus on your domain and requirements when designing your API.